Artemisia Species as a New Candidate for Diabetes Therapy: A Comprehensive Review.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease and a threatening problem for world health. Allopathic medications are not efficient enough in controlling DM and its complications. Therefore, much attention has been directed towards the traditional medicine system. Plant derived-natural compounds with medicinal properties play an essential role in DM management and treatment. Artemisia is a varied and widespread genus of the family Asteraceae, which has more than 500 species with beneficial economic and therapeutic significance. Electronic databases such as Science Direct, Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science, medRixv, and Wiley were used to search scientific literature. In folklore medicine, Artemisia species have been widely utilized for diabetes management. Molecular investigations have revealed that the NF-κB suppression, Notch 1 inhibition, cell cycle stop at S+G2/M-phase, enhanced Bax protein concentrations, mitochondrial membrane potential attenuation, activation of p53 and caspase, Bcl-2 regulation, and ROS formation are crucial mechanisms that could be targeted via various Artemisia species. Anti-diabetic effects of single or multiple doses of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of Artemisia species are due to the presence of bioactive compounds, and they are completely efficient in lowering levels of blood glucose in experimental examinations. In spite of the available anti-diabetic drugs, therapeutic agents obtained from the mentioned plants have been used for the treatment of this disease and its complications with less adverse impacts. Taken together, multiple lines of evidence indicated that Artemisia species could be introduced as a potential therapeutic candidate in the treatment and management of diabetes.

Manifestaciones bucales de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el adulto mayor / Oral manifestations of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 favorece la aparición de enfermedades bucales en el adulto mayor. Objetivos: Identificar las alteraciones bucales y factores de riesgo más frecuentes en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. El universo lo conformaron 52 pacientes pertenecientes al consultorio # 13 del Policlínico Héroes del Corynthia, atendidos desde 2016 a 2017 en la Clínica Estomatológica Docente H y 21, municipio Plaza de la Revolución. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, estado de salud bucal, factores de riesgo y manifestaciones bucales. Resultados: 55,7 por ciento de los adultos mayores pertenecieron al grupo de 60-69 años y el 59,4 por ciento del total de los pacientes involucrados en el estudio fueron mujeres. El 44,2 por ciento presentó un estado de salud bucal medianamente favorable. Por caries dental fueron afectados 34 pacientes, 31 por periodontitis y 25 por gingivitis. La obesidad se evidenció en el 59,6 por ciento de los pacientes. Conclusiones: El factor de riesgo predominante fue la obesidad. Las alteraciones bucales más observadas fueron la caries dental, la periodontitis y la gingivitis(AU)

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus fosters the appearance of oral diseases in the elderly. Objectives: Identify the most common oral alterations and risk factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: A cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted. The study universe was 52 patients from Consultation Office No. 13 of Héroes del Corynthia polyclinic cared for from 2016 to 2017 at H and 21st University Dental Clinic in the municipality of Plaza de la Revolución. The variables analyzed were age, sex, oral health status, risk factors and oral manifestations. Results: 55.7 percent of the elderly patients were in the 60-69 age group, and 59.4 percent of the total patients involved in the study were women. 44.2 percent had a fairly favorable oral health status. 34 had dental caries, 31 periodontitis and 25 gingivitis. 59.6 percent were obese. Conclusions: Obesity was the prevailing risk factor. The oral alterations most commonly found were dental caries, periodontitis and gingivitis(AU)

Manifestaciones bucales de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en el adulto mayor / Oral manifestations of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 favorece la aparición de enfermedades bucales en el adulto mayor. Objetivos: Identificar las alteraciones bucales y factores de riesgo más frecuentes en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. El universo lo conformaron 52 pacientes pertenecientes al consultorio # 13 del Policlínico Héroes del Corynthia, atendidos desde 2016 a 2017 en la Clínica Estomatológica Docente H y 21, municipio Plaza de la Revolución. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, estado de salud bucal, factores de riesgo y manifestaciones bucales. Resultados: 55,7 por ciento de los adultos mayores pertenecieron al grupo de 60-69 años y el 59,4 por ciento del total de los pacientes involucrados en el estudio fueron mujeres. El 44,2 por ciento presentó un estado de salud bucal medianamente favorable. Por caries dental fueron afectados 34 pacientes, 31 por periodontitis y 25 por gingivitis. La obesidad se evidenció en el 59,6 por ciento de los pacientes. Conclusiones: El factor de riesgo predominante fue la obesidad. Las alteraciones bucales más observadas fueron la caries dental, la periodontitis y la gingivitis(AU)

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus fosters the appearance of oral diseases in the elderly. Objectives: Identify the most common oral alterations and risk factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: A cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted. The study universe was 52 patients from Consultation Office No. 13 of Héroes del Corynthia polyclinic cared for from 2016 to 2017 at H and 21st University Dental Clinic in the municipality of Plaza de la Revolución. The variables analyzed were age, sex, oral health status, risk factors and oral manifestations. Results: 55.7 percent of the elderly patients were in the 60-69 age group, and 59.4 percent of the total patients involved in the study were women. 44.2 percent had a fairly favorable oral health status. 34 had dental caries, 31 periodontitis and 25 gingivitis. 59.6 percent were obese. Conclusions: Obesity was the prevailing risk factor. The oral alterations most commonly found were dental caries, periodontitis and gingivitis(AU)

Tamizaje de cardiopatía isquémica y revascularización en pacientes diabéticos con enfermedad arterial coronaria estable: una perspectiva clínica / Screening for ischemic heart disease and revascularization in diabetic patients with stable coronary artery disease: a clinical perspective

La enfermedad arterial coronaria tiene alta prevalencia en los pacientes diabéticos con características clínicas, anatómicas y terapéuticas propias. Los pilares terapéuticos son el tratamiento médico y la revascularización percutánea o quirúrgica eventual. Se realiza en este trabajo una revisión de la evidencia disponible a los efectos de evaluar indicaciones y resultados de las diferentes opciones de revascularización. Dado su estrecho vínculo con este tema, se discute en forma previa la pertinencia del tamizaje de isquemia silente en los pacientes diabéticos.

Diabetic patients have a high prevalence of ischemic heart disease with peculiar clinical, anatomic and therapeutic features. Management includes medical therapy and sometimes percutaneous or surgical revascularization. This paper reviews available evidence on indication and outcomes of the different revascularization options. As a relevant related topic, pertinence of silent ischemia screening in diabetics is discussed first.

Depressão em pessoas diabéticas: desvelando o inimigo oculto / Depression in diabetic people: unveiling the hidden enemy / Depresión en personas diabéticas - develando al enemigo oculto

A depressão ocorre em portadores de DM, sendo frequentemente velada e confundida por profissionais de saúde e pelos próprios pacientes com sensações de angústia, tristeza e melancolia. Estudos mostram que a depressão pode dificultar o enfrentamento da doença. Este estudo teve como objetivo compreender como o portador de diabetes mellitus identifica e vivencia a depressão; descrever sinais e sintomas relacionando-a à vida cotidiana; e identificar os recursos de enfrentamento utilizados. Participaram diabéticos tipo 2 insulino-dependentes, acima de 50 anos acompanhados no programa do serviço de Medicina preventiva da UNIMED GV (Cooperativa de Trabalho Medico de Governador Valadares). O referencial teórico metodológico utilizado foi a história oral temática proposta por Meihy. Dados provenientes de 13 entrevistas foram analisados, os conceitos que emergiram favoreceram a identificação de três temas centrais: condições de vida da pessoa diabética influenciando na depressão, identificação da depressão e o significado da depressão para o diabético. Os sinais e sintomas de depressão indicados pelos diabéticos foram falta de apetite, medo das complicações e outras. Os colaboradores identificaram a depressão com mudanças percebidas no comportamento, melancolia, angústia, choro sem motivo aparente, perda de interesse, dificuldade de concentração, insônia e pensamento de morte. A depressão descrita esteve relacionada a sentimentos de isolamento, problemas financeiros e conjugais. O enfermeiro precisa ser capacitado para perceber e intervir precocemente na depressão, elaborar plano de cuidados efetivos e adesão ao tratamento do diabetes e da depressão a partir de programas educativos e no emprego das mais variadas alternativas terapêuticas.

Depression occurs in Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients, being often cared for and mistaken by health workers and by patients themselves, as sensations of annoyance, sadness and melancholia. Studies show that depression can be a major difficulty in the coping process of the disease. The aims of this study were to understand how the DM-type 2 patient identifies and experiences depression, describing signs and symptoms present in their daily routine and identify the coping strategies used. The study sample was composed of diabetic type 2 insulin-dependent patients, over fifty years old that attended to the program Preventive Medicine Service – Unimed G.V. (Medical work Co-Operative of Governador Valadares). The methodological and theoretical reference used was the oral thematic history proposed by Meihy. Data from thirteen interviews were analized and the concepts emerged enabled the identification of three central themes: life conditions of a diabetic person that influence depression, identification of depression and the meaning of depression for a diabetic patient. Signals and symptoms of depression indicated by diabetics were: lack of appetite, irritability, fear of complications and others. The participants recognized depression through changes perceived in the behavior, melancholia, anxiety, crying for no apparent reason, loss of interest, difficulty to concentrate, insomnia and thoughts about death. Depression as described was related to feelings of loneliness, financial and marital problems. The nurse must be trained to perceive and interfere early in depression, develop an effective plan of care and of adherence to treatment, using educational programs and utilizing the various therapeutic alternatives.

La depresión en los diébeticos suele estar velada y, en general, los profesionales de la salud y los propios pacientes la confunden con sensasiones de angustia, tristeza y melancolía. Hay estudios que muestran que la depresión puede afectar el tratamiento de la enfermedad. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo comprender cómo las personas con Diabetes Mellitus detectan y sienten la depresión, describir señales y síntomas que la relacionan con la vida cotidiana y determinar los recursos que se usan para enfrentarla. Participaron diabéticos tipo II con más de 50 años dependientes de insulina con seguimiento en el programa de servicio de medicina preventiva UNIMED GV (Cooperativa de Trabajo Médico Governador Valadares). La historia oral temática, propuesta por Meihy, fue el referente referente teórico metodológico utilizado. Se analizaron los datos recogidos en 13 entrevistas; los conceptos resultantes permitieron identificar tres temas centrales: condiciones de vida del diabético que influyen en la depresión, identificación de la depresión y el sentido de la depresión para los diabéticos. Las señales y síntomas de depresión indicados por los pacientes fueron: falta de apetito y miedo a las complicaciones, entre otros. Para los profesionales, la depresión se manifiesta a través de alteraciones comportamentales, melancolía, angustia, llanto aparentemente sin motivo, pérdida de interés, dificultad para concentrarse, insomnio y pensamientos de muerte. La depresión descrita estaba vinculada a sentimientos de aislamiento, problemas financieros y conjugales. Los enfermeros deben ser capaces de percibir e intervenir temprano en la depresión, elaborar un plan de atención eficaz y adhesión al tratamiento de la diabetes y de la depresión a través de programas educativos y de otras alternativas terapéuticas.

Características epidemiológicas y clínicas de los ancianos con diabetes mellitus / Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of old people suffering from diabetes mellitus

Introducción: el aumento de la incidencia de diabetes mellitus a nivel global convierte a esta entidad en un serio problema de salud no solo para el individuo que la padece sino también para la sociedad. Objetivo: caracterizar las variables epidemiológicas y clínicas presentes en los ancianos con diabetes mellitus" en el Policlínico Universitario "Luis Augusto Turcios Lima" durante el período de julio a diciembre de 2011. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en el que se incluyeron a 75 pacientes mayores de 60 años diabéticos, a los cuales se les llenó una planilla recolectora de datos donde se precisaron: edad, sexo, tipo de diabetes, valoración nutricional, edad de comienzo de la enfermedad, antecedentes patológicos personales, familiares, enfermedades asociadas a la diabetes, hábitos tóxicos, y complicaciones. Resultados: se encontró que el sexo dominante fue el femenino, con una edad de comienzo de la enfermedad entre 30-59 años. La afección asociada más frecuente la hipertensión arterial, con un mayor por ciento de diabéticos con peso normal y no fumadores, con polineuropatías como complicación fundamental. Conclusiones: la atención primaria de salud debe priorizar la atención al geronte diabético para contribuir a mejorar su calidad de vida logrando una longevidad satisfactoria en este grupo de edad.

Introduction: the increase of diabetes mellitus all over the world turns this entity into a serious health problem not only for the diabetic subjects but also for the society. Objective: to characterize the epidemiological and clinical variables in old patients suffering from diabetes mellitus at “Luis Augusto Turcios Lima” University outpatient clinic during July to December 2011. Material and Method: a descriptive, cross-sectional study that included 75 diabetic patients older than 60 years old; a form was filled out with the data required: age, sex, type of diabetes, nutritional assessment, and age of onset, personal pathological history, family relationship, associated diseases with diabetes, toxic habits and complications. Results: female sex prevailed; the onset prevailed in people from 30-59 years old. Hypertension was the most frequent associated disease, the greatest percent was observed in diabetic patients with normal weights, no smokers, and polyneuropathy classified as the most important complication. Conclusions: primary health care must give priority to the diabetic old patient in order to contribute to the improvement of their quality of life achieving a satisfactory longevity in this group of ages.

Intervención educativo-asistencial y organizacional en pacientes diabéticos del Policlínico Hermanos Martínez Tamayo de Baracoa, Guantánamo / care,organizational and educational intervention in diabetic patients at Hermanos Martinez Tamayo Polyclinic, Baracoa, Guantanamo

Se realiza una intervención educativo-asistencial y organizacional para fortalecer la educación diabetológica y la atención integral en ancianos diabéticos del Policlínico Universitario Hermanos Martínez Tamayo, 2010-2011. La muestra de 45 pacientes fue escogida según criterios de inclusión. El programa combina la atención médica con la escuela de diabéticos e integra técnicas reflexivo-participativas según el modelo de competencias. El inadecuado conocimiento sobre diabetes mellitas logró revertirse con la intervención en lo referido a estilo de vida, control metabólico y complicaciones. El logro de habilidades catalogadas en el rango saber hacer y la satisfacción percibida como beneficiarios directos, avala la funcionabilidad del programa de intervención. La práctica adquiere una herramienta de intervención poderosa y generalizable con un nuevo flujograma de asistencia médica (AU)

Hepatitis C y diabetes mellitus tipo 2: un estudio prospectivo / Hepatitis C and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a prospective study

Se ha establecido una relación epidemiológica entre hepatitis C crónica (HCV) Y Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar de forma prospectiva la prevalencia de Diabetes Mellitus(DM) e intolerancia a la Glucosa en ayunas (IGA) en pacientes con hepatitis C crónica no tratados o naive, en comparación con la población general y con pacientes con enfermedades hepáticas de diferente etiología. Se incluyo una muestra de 13 pacientes que acudieron a la consulta de la Fundación Zuliana del Hígado desde Enero del año 2008 hasta Diciembre del año 2009 en el estudio. La prevalencia de DM e IGA fue de 38% comparado con 8% de la Población general (Centro Venezolano de información y estadística) y 25% del grupo control de 16 pacientes con enfermedades hepáticas de otras etiologías. De los 13 pacientes, cinco fueron Genotipo 1b, uno genotipo 1a y siete Genotipo 2a. De los pacientes con DM o IGA, dos fueron Genotipo 1b, uno 1a y dos 2a. De los cinco pacientes con DM o IGA cuatro tenían antecedente familiares de Diabetes. En conclusión, pacientes con HCV crónica tienen una mayor prevalencia de DM e IGA en comparación con la población general y con pacientes afectados por enfermedades hepáticas de otra etiología. El Genotipo no tuvo relación en este estudio con la DM o la IGA; los marcadores antropométricos de Obesidad estuvieron asociados en tres de los cinco pacientes lo cual sumado a la historia familiar de Diabetes siguiere una relación multifactorial en la patogénesis de la DM en los pacientes con HCV.

An epidemiologic link between chronic Hepatitis C (HCV) and Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been established. The objective of the present study was to prospectively determine the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in patients with hepatitis C not treated or naive, in comparison with the general population and patients with other hepatic diseases. A sample of 13 patients who went to the outpatient clinic of the Zuliana Foundation of the Liver, from January of year 2008 to December of year 2009 was included in the study. The prevalence of DM and IGA was of 38% compared with 8% of the general Population (Center Venezuelan of information and statistic) and 25% of the group control of 16 patients with other hepatic diseases. Of 13 patients five were Genotype 1b, one genotype 1a and seven Genotype 2a. Of the patients with DM or IGA, two were Genotype 1b, one 1a and two 2a. Of the five patients with DM or IGA four had family history of Diabetes. In conclusion, patients with chronic HCV have a greater prevalence of DM and IGA in comparison with the general population and patients affected by different hepatics diseases. There was not relation in this study between the Genotype with the DM or the IGA; the anthropomorphic markers of Obesity were associated in three of the five patients, which added to the familiar history of Diabetes will follow a multifactorial relation in the pathogenesis of the DM in the patients with HCV.

Compreendendo o significado de qualidade de vida segundo idosos portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Understanding the meaning of quality of life to older persons with type-2 diabetes mellitus / Comprendiendo el significado de la calidad de vida según ancianos portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo II

Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com abordagem fenomenológica, objetivando descrever o significado de qualidade de vida, segundo relatos de idosos portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo II, e avaliar as repercussões da doença sobre sua vida. Entrevistamos 12 idosos diabéticos, no período de setembro a outubro de 2008, entre um e quarenta anos de evolução dadoença. Foi feita a seguinte questão norteadora: “Para o Sr. (a), o que significa qualidade de vida?” A análise dos discursos mostrou facetas relevantes ligadas ao cotidiano do idoso com diabetes mellitus. Para eles, a qualidade de vida está intimamenterelacionada à saúde física, independência na vida diária e econômica, integração social, suporte familiar e saúde mental-espiritual.A restrição alimentar foi o ponto de maior repercussão do diabetes sobre seu modo de viver. Verificou-se que cabe aos profissionais de saúde ampliar o diálogo profissional-paciente, promovendo autonomia e independência no cuidado e corresponsabilização.

Fatores relacionados ao autocuidado de pessoas com diabetes mellitus atendidas em Serviço de Urgência no México / Factors related to self-care in diabetes mellitus patients attended at Emergency Service in Mexico / Factores relacionados al autocuidado de personas con diabetes mellitus atendidas en Servicio de Urgencia en México

Estudo transversal com os objetivos de determinar a capacidade de autocuidado de pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e relacionar tal capacidade com variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas. Participaram 251 pessoas que ingressaram no Serviço de Urgência do Hospital Regional Mérida, em Yucatán, México, em 2006. Os dados foram obtidos mediante entrevista domiciliar dirigida, utilizando-se formulário, questionário e a Escala de Capacidade Autocuidado. Para a análise, utilizou-se a estatística descritiva e correlacional. Os resultados mostraram que 83 (33,5 por cento) dos sujeitos apresentaram boa capacidade de autocuidado e 168 (66,5 por cento), capacidade regular. Obteve-se correlação diretamente proporcional entre capacidade de autocuidado e anos de estudo (r=0,124; p<0,05), mas negativa para religião (rs=-0,435; p<0,05) e tempo de evolução da doença (r=-0,667; p<0,05). Para a promoção do autocuidado em pessoas com diabetes faz-se necessário considerar essas variáveis, bem como desenvolver novos estudos que enfoquem outras variáveis envolvidas no comportamento adotado em benefício da saúde.

This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the self-care ability of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and to relate this capacity with some sociodemographic and clinical variables. Participants were 251 patients who attended the Emergency Service at the Mérida Regional Hospital in Yucatán, Mexico, in 2006. Data were obtained through directed home interviews, using a form, a questionnaire and the Self-Care Capacity Scale. Descriptive and correlation statistics were used for data analysis. The results showed 83 (33.5 percent) subjects with good and 168 (66.5 percent) subjects with regular ability. A directly proportional correlation was found between self-care ability and years of study (r=0.124; p<0.05), as well as a negative correlation for religion (rs=-0.435; p<0.05) and evolution time of the disease (r=-0.667; p<0.05). These variables should be taken into account to promote self-care for diabetes patients, and further research needs to be developed with a focus on other variables involved in the behavior adopted to benefit their health.

Estudio transversal que tuvo como objetivos determinar la capacidad de autocuidado de personas con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y relacionar tal capacidad con variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Participaron 251 personas que ingresaron en el Servicio de Urgencia del Hospital Regional de Mérida, Yucatán, México, en 2006. Los datos fueron obtenidos a través de entrevistas domiciliarias dirigidas, utilizándose formulario, cuestionario y Escala de Capacidad de Auto-cuidado. Para el análisis se utilizó la estadística descriptiva y correlacional. Los resultados mostraron que 83 (33,5 por ciento) de los sujetos exhibieron buena capacidad de autocuidado, y 168 (66,5 por ciento) capacidad regular. Se obtuvo correlación directamente proporcional entre capacidad de autocuidado y años de estudio (r=0,124; p<0,05) y negativa para religión (r5=-0,435; p<0,05) y tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad (r=-0,667; p<0,05). Para la promoción del autocuidado a la persona con diabetes se deben considerar tales variables, así como desarrollarse nuevos estudios que focalicen otras variables involucradas en el comportamiento adoptado en beneficio de su salud.

El síndrome metabólico, una epidemia silente / The metabolic syndrome, a silent epidemic

En el presente artículo se hace referencia a la definición, etiopatogenia, diagnóstico y tratamiento del síndrome metabólico, uno de los principales factores de riesgo de la aterosclerosis, caracterizado por alteraciones metabólicas que se expresan en un mismo individuo de forma simultánea o secuencial causados por la combinación de factores genéticos y ambientales asociados a un estilo de vida no saludable, en los que la resistencia a la insulina se considera el componente patogénico fundamental. Se enfatiza la necesidad de intensificar la realización de campañas educativas a la población relacionadas con la adopción de un estilo de vida saludable desde el nivel de atención primaria en salud fundamentalmente, que contribuyan a ganar conciencia en la percepción del riesgo del mismo desde edades tempranas de la vida, lo que indudablemente repercutirá en la disminución de la prevalencia, morbimortalidad y nefastas complicaciones ocasionada por el síndrome metabólico.

The present article makes reference to definition, pathogeny, diagnosis and treatment of metabolic syndrome, one of the main risk factors of atherosclerosis, characterized by metabolic disturbances simultaneously and sequential way expressed in the same subject due to combination of genetic and environmental factors associated with an unhealthy lifestyle, in which the insulin-resistance is considered the essential pathogenic component. It is emphasized the need to intensify the carrying out of educational campaigns to population related to adoption of healthy lifestyle from primary care levels mainly in health, contributing to become aware of risk perception from early ages of life with a future repercussion on decrease of prevalence, morbidity and mortality and on the harmful complications caused by the metabolic syndrome.

El síndrome metabólico, una epidemia silente / The metabolic syndrome, a silent epidemic

En el presente artículo se hace referencia a la definición, etiopatogenia, diagnóstico y tratamiento del síndrome metabólico, uno de los principales factores de riesgo de la aterosclerosis, caracterizado por alteraciones metabólicas que se expresan en un mismo individuo de forma simultánea o secuencial causados por la combinación de factores genéticos y ambientales asociados a un estilo de vida no saludable, en los que la resistencia a la insulina se considera el componente patogénico fundamental. Se enfatiza la necesidad de intensificar la realización de campañas educativas a la población relacionadas con la adopción de un estilo de vida saludable desde el nivel de atención primaria en salud fundamentalmente, que contribuyan a ganar conciencia en la percepción del riesgo del mismo desde edades tempranas de la vida, lo que indudablemente repercutirá en la disminución de la prevalencia, morbimortalidad y nefastas complicaciones ocasionada por el síndrome metabólico(AU)

The present article makes reference to definition, pathogeny, diagnosis and treatment of metabolic syndrome, one of the main risk factors of atherosclerosis, characterized by metabolic disturbances simultaneously and sequential way expressed in the same subject due to combination of genetic and environmental factors associated with an unhealthy lifestyle, in which the insulin-resistance is considered the essential pathogenic component. It is emphasized the need to intensify the carrying out of educational campaigns to population related to adoption of healthy lifestyle from primary care levels mainly in health, contributing to become aware of risk perception from early ages of life with a future repercussion on decrease of prevalence, morbidity and mortality and on the harmful complications caused by the metabolic syndrome(AU)

The predicting effects of ACE gene and PAI-I gene polymorphisms on CCA-IMT progression in newly diagnosed T2DM / 中国医师杂志

Objective The study was to investigate the relationship among angiotensin 1-converting enzyme(ACE), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)gene polymorphisms and the common carotid artery (CCA-IMT), and the predicting effects of them on CCA-IMT in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods The polymorphisms of ACE (I/D) gene and PAI-I (4G/5G) gene were deter-mined by polymemse chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) method in 308 cases with T2DM. CCA-IMT was compared among the groups with different genotypes of ACE and PAI-1. The in-dependent or synergistic effects of the ACE I/D and PAI-1 40/5G polymorphisms on CCA-IMT in 308 patients with T2DM were analyzed with multivariate linear regression. Then the 156 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics (durations< I year) without AS received the maltifactorial targeted intervention, including taking aspirin and controlling blood glucose, blood pressure, blood lipid and body weight. The differences of metabolic control, ACE (I/D) and PAId (40/5G) gene polymorphisms were analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the eorrelation among the CCA-IMT, ACE (I/D) and PAI-1 (4G/5G) polymorphisms. Results Patients with ACE DD genotypes had higher CCA-IMT than those with ACE-Ⅱ or ACE ID genotypes. Patients with both ACE DD and PAI-1 404G genotypes had a higher CCA-IMT than those with any other pairs of genotypes. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that ACE DD and PAI-1 4G4G gene polymorphisms had synergistic effect on the CCA-IMT in T2DM patients. After 2 years multifactorial intervention, the frequencies of PAI-1 4G alleles and 404G genotypas were lower than those in the CCA-IMT non-inereasing group. Conclusions These findings indicate that the ACE-DD geno-type and its synergistic effects with the PAI-1 4G/4G genotype are independent risk factors for the CCA-IMT in T2DM patients. Under multi-factorial intervention for 2 years, PAI-1 4G/4G genotype may be a negative predictor for the progression of CCA-IMT in T2DM patients.

Association of non-alcoholic fatty liver with plasma homocysteine and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene polymorphism in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Shanxi, China / 中华全科医师杂志

To investigate the relationship between plasma level of homocysteine(Hcy) and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase ( MTHFR ) gene polyroorphism with non-alcoholic fatty liver in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods In a case-control study, plasma levels of Hcy, folic acid (FA), vitamin B12 (VitB12), glycosylated hemoglobin Alc (HbAlc), fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol and triglyceride were measured in 159 T2DM patients with and without non-alcoholic fatty liver ( NAFL), as well as 52 normal controls. Mutation of the C677T of MTHFR gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for all of them. Results Patients of T2DM both without NAFL (96 case) and with NAFL had higher prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy) (49% and 21%, respectively ) than normal controls did (4 cases, 8% ) (P<0.05), while patients of T2DM with NAFL had higher prevalence of Hhcy than those without it did (P <0. 05). Plasma level of Hey positively correlated to genotype frequency of the MTHFR gene, plasma 0levels of HbAlc and FBG in patients of T2DM, with coefficients of correlation of 0.248, 0.423 and 0.242, respectively (P < 0.05). Results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that course of the disease, body mass index, plasma levels of FBG and Hcy all were independent risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver in patients with T2DM. Conclusions Hhey was an independent risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver and plasma level of Hey was influenced by frequency of the TT genotype of the MTHFR gene, plasma levels of FA and VitB12, as well as metabolic disturbance in patients with T2DM.

Risk factors of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To explore the morbidity rate and risk factors of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in type 2 diabetes. Methods The clinical data of patients, with PDR in 2739 consecutive cases of type 2 diabetes diagnosed in this hospital from 1994 to 2001 were analyed retospectively. The diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) was confirmed by ophthalmoscopy and fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA). Blood pressure, fasting and postprandial blood sugar, glycosylated haemoglobin(HbA1c), total serum cholesterol, triglyceride, creatinine, and albumin excretion rate were measured. Results The morbidity rate of type 2 DR was 27.8%(761/2739), and the morbidity rate of PDR was 4. 2%(114/2 739) occupying 15% of the patients with DR. The duration, fasting blood sugar, glycosylated haemoglobin, blood pressure and albumin excretion rate were much higher than those in the control ( P